President George Bush s No Child Left Behind Act Of 2007

Politics have made up a large part of public education in the United States of America since Anglo-Saxons came over from Europe. The effects that politics and governmental policies have had on public education have been evident throughout the history of the United States and are still apparent today. Beginning with assimilation and acculturation in the 17th century and continuing on to programs such as President George Bush’s No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 and the Mississippi Healthy Students Act of 2007, it is clear that governmental policies have and will always affect public education in the United States. As many European settlers made America their new home, their main goal was to assimilate Natives and create a country based off of their strong Catholic beliefs. Native Americans were torn from their cultures and were forced to learn the ways of the Europeans. Public schools first began in America when the Anglo-Saxons created schools for Native American children to be stripped from their own cultures and hurled into that of the Europeans. While times changed in America, the effects of government policies on public education only became stronger. Robert N. Gross discusses the rising of parochial schools in the progressive era due to the effects governmental influences in public schools in his article â€Å"Public Regulation and the Origins of Modern School-Choice Policies in the Progressive Era†. Gross says: â€Å"Mass Catholic schooling in the United States originated as aShow MoreRelatedEssay on George W. Bush935 Words   |  4 PagesGeorge W. Bush George Walker Bush is the son of the 41st President George H. W. Bush and Barbara Bush. Born on July 6, 1946, Bush was raised in Houston, Texas and was the oldest of four children. Bush finished his high school years at Phillips Academy, which was an all-male boarding school in Andover, Massachusetts, where he was the head cheerleader during his senior year. Bush went to college at Yale University from 1964 till his graduation in 1968 where he finished with a Bachelor’s degree inRead More No Child Left Behind Will Reform Our Educational System Essay1748 Words   |  7 PagesNo Child Left Behind Will Reform Our Educational System (this essay is missing the works cited) Just three days after taking office in January of 2001 as the forty third president of the United States, George W. Bush announced his plan of No Child Left Behind. Signed January 8, 2002, it was the reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, the central federal law in pre-collegiate education. (Rebora) No Child Left Behind cleared Congress in a landslide with overwhelming majoritiesRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act Essay2157 Words   |  9 PagesSummary The paper is fundamental as it looks at the No Child Left Behind Act that was put into practice because the American education system was no longer internationally competitive. The outcome of the challenge is the federal education system function was increased towards holding schools accountable for the academic progress of all students. The implication here is that the No Child Left Behind Act focused primarily on states and schools, so as to boost the performance of different groups ofRead MoreBarack Obama s President Of The United States1504 Words   |  7 Pageselected to be president of the United States, he made promises to the public but did not deliver after being in the office. According to Mark Engler, author of â€Å"Obama’s Broken Resolutions,† Obama promised to close Guantanamo Bay in front of a crowd of 1,000 on June of 2007 during his campaign election (Engler 53). Engler quoted Obama, â€Å"The senator repeated his vow the next month, and in subsequent campaign stops: ‘As President, I will close Guantà ¡namo, reject the Military Commissions Act, and adhereRead MoreNo Child Left Alive: A Critique of No Child Left Behind Essay example1573 Words   |  7 PagesNo Child Left Alive No child left behind does nothing but dishearten the students who are proving to be ahead of the average student from wanting to improve. While the struggling students are simply carried from one grade to the next. The No Child Left Behind Act is great in theory but is too heavily reliant on standardized tests and percentages and not enough about what the students actually learn. Being a survivor of NCLB I have had firsthand experience with this topic and from an above averageRead MoreThe Presidency Of Barack Obama1022 Words   |  5 Pagesentered office, Trump has partisanship support to present any legislation and effortlessly have it passed through Congress. The first major shift that will occur as promised is the repeal and replacement of the Affordable Healthcare Act, commonly known as Obamacare Act. In turn, we are projected to be introduced to Health Savings Accounts whereas, those opting to participate are able to purchase health insurance across state lines, and lets stat es manage Medicaid funds. Reforms will also include cuttingRead MoreEducation Is A Central Need Of All People Around Over The World1543 Words   |  7 Pageswe will find some development projects. However, some of these succeed while others failed in achieving their goals. â€Å"The federal government instituted a number of other reforms, including a reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (ESEA), to little or no avail† (Ginsburg Jill, 2013). Furthermore, policymakers do not take a rest from struggles to develop the education system. They continue to argument and make main education reforms such as new academic standards, newRead MoreOverview of the No Child Left Behind Act1568 Words   |  6 PagesNo Child Left Behind No Child Left behind Act was the brainchild of President George W. Bush administration. The No Child Left behind legislation was signed into law on January 8, 2002. The act compels public schools receiving federal funding to carry out statewide standardized tests annually to all the students (Williams, McClellan, Rivlin, 2010). Students have to take same test under same conditions. This essay seeks to enumerate ways in which the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 impact publicRead MoreHistory of Biligual Education1254 Words   |  6 Pagesinstruction. It wasn’t until the Civil Rights Movement Era and the Bilingual Education Act of 1968, when bilingual education was reintroduced into the United States. â€Å"The courts decision in the landmark Lau v. Nichols case required schools to take affirmative steps to overcome language barriers impeding childrens access to the curriculum. Congress immediately endorsed this principle in the Equal Educational Opportunity Act of 1974.â₠¬ (Rethinking). In California, bilingual education was banned until 1967Read MoreNo Child Left Behind Act3593 Words   |  15 PagesNo Child Left Behind The No Child Left Behind Act was created in 2001 by President George W. Bush. The act was created to raise the standards of low performing children. The act was also created to reform an earlier education act put in place by President Johnson as a part of his War on Poverty; the Elementary and Secondary Education Act â€Å"...established that children from low-income homes required more educational services than children from affluent homes.† (Reforming No Child Left Behind http://www

Civilization of Ancient Greece Free Essays

Greece produced classics in almost all genres of creative expression: literature, philosophy, music, the visual arts, and architecture. These classics advanced the aesthetic principles of clarity simplicity, balance, regularity, and harmonious proportion. As a style, Classicism is characterized by these aesthetic principles and by the related ideals of reason, moderation, and dignity (Firer 29). We will write a custom essay sample on Civilization of Ancient Greece or any similar topic only for you Order Now Greek culture is a very original culture in their way of life. A good example is the Parthenon. It towers in height with its beautifully elegant and simple design. It served as a shrine to Athena, the goddess of wisdom and war. Many people visit it each year for its history and unique structure. It had a columned design, made marble and realistic lifelike sculptures the first of its kind. Greek architecture has a specific look and feel to it that has been repeated in inspiration of many artists. It has been used as a design for many current structures, including banks, and libraries. The Iliad and the Odyssey are very unique epics that are the first of their kind. During the long period of political and social turmoil that followed, storytellers kept alive the history of early Greece, the adventures of Mycenaean, and the tales of the Trojan War, passing them orally from generation to generation (32). It was not until at least the ninth century B. C. E. That these stories were transcribed; and it was yet another three hundred years before they reached their present form. They became â€Å"national† poems of ancient Greece, uniting Greek-speaking people by giving literary authority to their common heritage (33). They tell stories that the Greeks held close and wanted to last forever within their culture. These are even used for Inspiration today in writing and poetry. Both are also taught In high school In basic literature classes. They carry lessons that we use In today’s culture; for example, the concepts that everyone makes mistakes (even heroes), to follow directions, loyalty, and to never give up or let go for the ones that you love. All of these life lessons are very Important In our culture today. Work Cited Hero, Gloria K. Landmarks In Humanities. D deed. New York. McGraw Hill, 2013. Print Civilization of Ancient Greece By pleasantries and wanted to last forever within their culture. These are even used for inspiration today in writing and poetry. Both are also taught in high school in basic literature classes. How to cite Civilization of Ancient Greece, Papers

Transformation from 457 Visa to TSS Visa-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Provide an overview of these said changes from the 457 visa to the TSS visa and include reference to the original purpose of the 457 visa when introduced by the Howard government in 1996. Answer: In the current world of reconstructing the migration and citizenship policies of different governments across the globe, the Australian Government has also decided to restructure its strategies for allowing the business entities to hire and recruit citizens of other countries as the workers. The government has decided to replace the 457 visa with Temporary Skills Shortage (TSS) visa. Various experts have claimed that this would lead to a huge shortage of skilled workers in different industries. On the other hand, some people opine that this is a great strategy move to restrict the amount of influx of migrants to Australia and their allocation of citizenships. The decision has led to various kinds of criticisms, discussions, and debates across the world. Therefore, it would be significant to elaborately critically discuss the actual and potential changes in detail. This paper aims to logically describe the potential implications for the key stakeholders associated with this change and the possible impact of the decision with the help of data from various secondary sources of information. The purpose of the analysis will be to find out how feasible or negative the decision would prove to be for the industrial sector in Australia. Similar to several other countries, Australia also has some specific policies and programs for overseas workers. Previously, Australia offered a 457 visa for this cause. This visa was introduced in 1996 when John Howard was the prime minister of Australia; it was introduced in order to provide an opportunity to the Australia-based as well as overseas companies to sponsor skilled overseas employees as their temporary workers in Australia (Bissett Landau, 2008). However, these workers were only allowed to work as per the occupation nominated by their sponsors but the good part was that a 457 visa holder was allowed to live in Australia for up to 4 years (Bahn, 2014). During this period, the workers would develop their professional skills while providing the desired labor to their sponsors. Moreover, as per an update made in 2012, the 457 visa holders were allowed to apply for Australian citizenships only if they have completed two years of employment in the country and if their sponso rs offered them a full-time job (Bahn, Barratt-Pugh Yap, 2012). However, recently the current prime minister of Australia, Malcolm Turnbull has announced that the 457 visa will be abolished and a new Temporary Skills Shortage (TSS) visa will be introduced in its place. The new visa program is different from the previous one in various aspects suggesting that it will offer far fewer opportunities and scopes for the overseas workers to be hired in Australia, obtain a permanent visa, and to become a citizen of the country. Firstly, the workers will be hired as per a shortened list of approved occupations. However, the government has already reduced the number of approved occupations for the 457 visa, it is expected that the new list or even a more shortened list will be applicable to the TSS visa. Secondly, the TSS visa will require a minimum of 2 years of work experience for the overseas workers. The 457 visa offered employment to even those who did not have any work experience (Vela yutham, 2013) but the new terms will ensure that only the experienced workers are hired for the companies. Thirdly, the employers will be required to provide proper Labour Market Testing evidence which suggests that no local individual is eligible to fill up the vacancy. This would lead to a delay in the application for visas and the situation will get worsened when the companies are in need of an urgent hiring. Fourthly, apart from the requirement of work experience the TSS visa will also focus on higher requirements as compared to the 457 visa. These requirements include a higher skill in speaking and writing English, and police clearances. Therefore, these changes will not only make it more difficult for the overseas workers to obtain a visa for working in Australia but it will also imply that the extension of the visas will go through extensive scrutiny and review. Whereas the Australian government suggests that the changes will be implemented in order to make sure that the Australians get the first opportunity to be hired for the vacancies of companies in Australia, various experts suggest that the scenario will get worse for the industries (Ryan, 2017). The changes declared negate the proposals of the Independent Review of Integrity. For instance, the board found that there is no confirmation that required work advertise testing enhances employments for Australians and to be sure, the board alluded to OECD confirmation which affirms that the labour market testing led by the business entities is not completely solid (Taylor, 2017). Moreover, regarding the Australian setting, this testing has demonstrated ineffectual to ensure occupations for Australian laborers. The key stakeholders are also concerned regarding the potential impact of the changes. According to various industry leaders, the reforms would mean that they will have to go through m any difficulties in hiring an eligible and desired overseas worker for a vacancy to which an Australian might not fit (Kelly, 2017). Moreover, there are concerns regarding the assumption that they would have to reluctantly employ the Australian workers when there is no option to employ a foreign worker in an urgent situation (Webster, 2017). Additionally, the workers currently on 457 visas have some other concerns. The proposed changes do not clarify the process for extending the visa period. Whereas the previous norms allowed to extend the visa period when required, the new norms might force these workers to go through an extensive review before the extension is approved. The advantage of the past occupation list was that organizations could get to any talented occupations where they could exhibit a need (Weller, 2015). While a portion of the occupations on the past CSOL was criticized in the media (old fashioned merchants and shearers, for instance), the various scope of occupatio ns implied that organizations could react to advertising requests (Taylor, 2017). The advantage of the earlier list of occupations was that organizations could get to any occupation where they could exhibit a need. While a portion of these occupations was criticized in the media, the various scope of occupations implied that organizations could react to advertising requests. It also meant that a diverse set of skilled workers were working in different fields. Thus, there is also a concern for the stakeholders that the quality of their operations might drop down and the competitive scenario of the business will get diminished (Butler, 2017). The stakeholders associated with various industrial segments have demonstrated that current tasks have been put in danger by limiting access to designing occupations (Taylor, 2017). The absence of stakeholder counsel has brought about numerous organizations being contrarily influenced by the proposed reforms. The declared changes have been created and executed without adequate discussion with the stakeholders. On the off chance that the proposed changes proceed without facilitating correction numerous organizations will encounter noteworthy challenges in securing basic aptitudes. The more extensive hazard is that businesses will lose the capacity to fill the most profoundly gifted parts, thusly repressing worldwide aggressiveness, and harming the more extensive Australian economy. Planned transients contrasting an open door in Australia and another very alluring goal for employment will factor in the vulnerability of getting changeless residency in any movement choice (Ryan, 2017). This can possibly make Australia a less alluring goal and subsequently make it more troublesome for managers to draw in and hold the best hopefuls. The incessant changes in the list of occupations records will make it hard to pull in and hold the most gifted specialists. A number of 457 visa holders are employe d in the fields like medicine, engineering, and educational sector. For example, a number of current visa holders are operating in the professions of doctor or nurses (Butler, 2017). The following figure demonstrates the extent of such workers: Figure1: Overseas Doctors and Nurses in Australia [Source: Butler, J. (2017).What You Need To Know About The 457 Working Visa Changes.Huffington Post Australia. Retrieved 8 August 2017, from https://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/2017/04/18/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-457- working-visa-changes_a_22043897/] Furthermore, the technology and engineering sector in Australia regularly hires overseas workers for their projects. Numerous foreign workers are currently employed in different engineering, technical and technology-based companies across Australia (Kelly, 2017). The following image will demonstrate the number of such workers: Figure 2: Most Attracting and Employing Jobs for Overseas Workers in Australia (Source: Burggraf, H. (2017).Report: More non-Australian workers eyeing Australia - International Investment.International Investment. Retrieved 8 August 2017, from https://www.internationalinvestment.net/regions/australia/report-non-australian-workers-eyeing-australia/) If the changes are implemented, these workers will have much difficulty in renewing or extending their visa periods. Moreover, the companies will also find it very difficult to hire suitable workers for these extremely critical and important fields. Therefore, this would not only lead to a problem for the workers but also for the industries themselves. These difficulties make it more troublesome for organizations to design future development. Organizations require sureness that they will have proceeded with access to basic abilities, and offering key staff access to lasting residency is a key segment. Confronted with this instability, a few organizations which are thinking about building up operations in Australia will move to a more migration inviting ward. Existing organizations who can't source basic abilities will move seaward or twist up. Although the Australian government stated that the abolition of 457 visas and the introduction of the TSS visa will ensure that the Australians get the priority and first opportunity to be employed by different organizations for various occupations, the stakeholders and policy reviewers think that the changes will make it difficult for the business entities to thrive. The reforms will make it harder for the overseas skilled workers to obtain or extend a visa to work in Australia. At the same time, the business entities will need to go through a strict review before hiring any overseas worker. This would mean that the organizations would often have to forcefully employ the Australian workers when they know that an overseas worker would be more eligible for a vacancy. The policy will certainly result in the reduction of the influx of foreign workers. At the same time, it may also force several business organizations to employ semi-skilled workers leading a drop down in the quality of s ervices. Therefore, the government need to discuss the implications of the changes with the organizations and critically consider the potential problems in order to ensure that the Australians get the first opportunity for a job but the business also gets an equal opportunity to employ the desired and deserved foreign workers for better performance and continuous progression References Bahn, S. (2014). Migrant workers on temporary 457 visas working in Australia: implications for human resource management.Asia Pacific Journal Of Human Resources,52(1), 77-92. Bahn, S., Barratt-Pugh, L., Yap, G. (2012). The employment of skilled migrants on temporary 457 visas in Australia: Emerging issues.Labour Industry: A Journal Of The Social And Economic Relations Of Work,22(4), 379-398. Bissett, M., Landau, I. (2008). Australia's 457 Visa Scheme.Alternative Law Journal,33(3), 142-146. Butler, J. (2017).What You Need To Know About The 457 Working Visa Changes.Huffington Post Australia. Retrieved 8 August 2017, from https://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/2017/04/18/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-457- working-visa-changes_a_22043897/ Kelly, J. (2017).Industry calmed by visa changes.Theaustralian.com.au. Retrieved 8 August 2017, from https://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/immigration/industry- calmed-by-foreign-visa-changes/news-story/7185c124b438b5ff8c7b67a4807a3f5e Ryan, S. (2017).Australia to axe the 457 temporary work visa.TheJournal.ie. Retrieved 8 August 2017, from https://www.thejournal.ie/457-visas-australia-3344764-Apr2017/ Taylor, J. (2017).Impact of 457 changes to employer sponsored permanent residency - Immigration - Australia.Mondaq.com. Retrieved 8 August 2017, from https://www.mondaq.com/australia/x/591896/work+visas/Title+Impact+of+457+changes+ to+employer+sponsored+permanent+residency Velayutham, S. (2013). Precarious experiences of Indians in Australia on 457 temporary work visas.The Economic And Labour Relations Review,24(3), 340-361. Webster, M. (2017).457 Visa to be Abolished - Replaced by Temporary Skill Shortage (TSS) Visa from March 2018 | Acacia | Immigration Australia.Acacia-au.com. Retrieved 8 August 2017, from https://www.acacia-au.com/457-visas-to-be-abolished-from-march- 2018.php Weller, S. (2015). Accounting for Skill Shortages? Migration and the Australian Labour Market.Population, Space And Place,23(2), e1997.

The Way To Death free essay sample

There are many different reasons why people do the things that they do in life. The choices people make always have a reason or reasons behind them. In the play The Crucible by Arthur Miller human failings were the cause of the witchcraft trials that took place in Salem in 1692. The human failing’s vengeance, jealousy, fear, hysteria, greed and ambition played major roles in the unjust execution of many innocent Salem citizens. There was a storm of false accusations for personal gain against friends and family that ended with the deaths of good people for being â€Å"evil† while the real evil people were left alive and looked at to be heroic. Together, the human failings jealousy and vengeance began the brutal witch-hunt. Abigail, along with her friends took the liberty of naming the first false witch, Tichiba, after being caught performing a ceremony in the woods to kill Elizabeth Proctor. We will write a custom essay sample on The Way To Death or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Abigail and John Proctor had an affair together until John Proctor realized how wrong it was which left Abigail alone and pining for her old lover. â€Å"You did, you did! You drank a charm to kill John Proctors wife! You drank a charm to kill Goody Proctor!† (Miller 25). Abigail, afraid of the consequences of her actions, decided it would be better for her and her friends if they blamed Tichiba, their servant from Barbados, for forcing them to partake in witchcraft when really Abigail wanted to perform a ceremony to kill the wife of her love and asked Tichiba to teach them songs for the ceremony. Another person who acted upon jealousy and vengeance was Mrs. Putnam against the midwife Rebecca Nurse who had a flourishing family while all but one of Mrs. Putnam’s children had died. MRS. PUTNAM, with a growing edge of sarcasm: But I must! You think it God’s work you should never lose a child, not a grandchild either, and I bury all but one? There are wheels within wheels in this village, and fires within fires! (Miller 34) Rebecca Nurse did nothing to Mrs. Putnam’s children; Mrs. Putnam was just envious that her family dwindled while Rebecca’s flourished. The Salem witch trials thrived on the fear and hysteria that plagued the town. The girls used pretense in the court room to trick people into believing that dark spirits were actually at work. DANFORTH: What is it, child? But Abigail, pointing with fear, is now raising up her Frightened eyes, her awed face, toward the ceiling – the girls are doing the same – and now Hathorn, Hale, Putnam, Cheever, Herrick, and Danforth do the same. What’s there? He lowers his eyes from the ceiling, and now he is frightened, there is real tension in his voice. Child! She is transfixed – with all the girls, she is whimpering open mouthed, agape at the ceiling. Girls! Why do you ? (Miller 117) Although there wasn’t anything on the ceiling, the girls put on such a show, acting truly frightened of the supposed dark force that was lurking, that they ended up making the towns’ people and even the judge’s fall for their ruse. The fear of witches that was already in the town made it so much easier for the girls little act to go over smoothly. Even though most of the court did not know of the falseness of the show that the girls were putting on, Reverend Parris did, and his greed and ambition kept him from telling everyone that there was infact no witchcraft in their town. Parris caught his niece Abigail and her friends in the woods on the night that they were performing their ceremony to kill Goody Proctor, and he questioned Abigail about their actions. Although he knew the truth of what they were doing he decided that he could not have it known that his family was dabbling in unexpected behavior because it would cost him his position. PARRIS: Now look you child, your punishment will come in time. But if you trafficked with spirits in the forest I must know of it now, for surely my enemies will, and they will ruin me with it. (Miller 16) Because Parris coveted his position as reverend so much, he kept vital information to himself which let the witch-hunt spiral out of control when it could have been prevented. All of the events that happened during that time were fueled by people with dark agendas. If it wasn’t for the human failings, it is possible that the Salem witch trials may not have even occurred which would have spared many innocent lives.

Essay on Methods - How to Write an Essay on Methods

Essay on Methods - How to Write an Essay on MethodsWriting an essay on methods in your college course or a thesis is one of the hardest assignments that you have to finish. There are so many different sources that you will need to use in order to write a good essay on methods. There are some things that you can do before you start writing the essay that will help you improve the quality of your essays and make sure that you know what you are doing when you are writing the essay. To help you on your way, here are some tips.The first thing that you need to do is to get out and meet different people and hear their opinions about various subjects. It is always helpful to take courses or programs that you are interested in and look at what they teach and how they use the methods in their writing. You will find that this is a great way to help you understand the different kinds of methods that you will be using. You may find that it will help you to develop your own research techniques and improve your writing skills as well.The next important thing to do is to consider what you want to say about each topic. There are many topics that you can choose from and the methods that you will use depend on what you want to say. Before you start writing, it is important to think about the kind of essay that you want to write.Many times the essay that you write will not be the same as the essay that you originally thought of. So, it is important to consider what you want to say about the subject and how you will do that. It is always good to try different things and see what works best for you. Sometimes it is better to look at different sources in order to see what kind of approach you will take in writing an essay on methods.The third important tip is to consider the level of difficulty that you are writing at. Some students write essays on methods that are easy for them to complete and they will find that they have to read things that are harder to understand. However, you w ill find that there are several essays that are written easier than you would think and that make up for the lack of understanding of the content that you need to put into your essay. For this reason, it is important to understand the different ways that you can write an essay on methods in order to help you make the best choice in order to provide a good reflection of what you have written.The fourth tip is to think about what you will be writing about. If you want to write an essay on methods on a particular topic, it is important to understand the topic in detail. For example, if you want to write an essay on grammar, it is important to understand the different approaches that you can take to build a strong essay on grammar.It is important to remember that you will not only learn from your essay on methods but also how you use the different approaches in order to make the best reflection of what you have written. Writing an essay on methods is no easy task and there are many thin gs that you need to know and use in order to be successful in your efforts.

LDH Purification lab Report Essay Example

LDH Purification lab Report Paper OLD was purified from the ammonium sulfate precipitated protein mixture by affinity chromatography and its activity was studied by spectrophotometers determination of NADIA at 340 NM. From Pierce BCC assay of crude homogenate, initial protein concentration was shown to be 100 MGM/ml. The final protein concentration of the pooled affinity sample was shown to be 0. 2 MGM/ml. It was found that the total specific activity of OLD was 58. 5 mol/min/MGM, and yield of 0. 6%. Even though we were successful in purifying OLD enzyme, further steps can be taken to increase the yield. Materials and Methods Cell Lysine and Extraction of OLD: Approximately 40 g of minced chicken breast eat (40. 327 g) is blended with ml cold extraction buffer in four 30-seconds bursts for homogenate of the muscle tissue. The extraction buffer contained mm Tries-HCI (pH-7. 4), mm 2-Merchantable, mm Phenylmethylsulfonylflouride (AMPS), 1 mm Ethylene Dianne attracted acid (EDIT). The homogeneities procedure was carried out in the cold room to prevent the denomination of proteins. The homogenate was centrifuged at 15,000 RPM for 20 minutes at 40 C. The supernatant was filtered through two layers of cheesecloth to remove lipids from the supernatant. The total volume was noted and three 0. Ml aliquots (crude extract) were stored at -200 C. Ammonium sulfate precipitation: 60% ammonium sulfate concentration was used to precipitate proteins. 0. 39 g of ammonium sulfate per ml of the supernatant was added gradually to the supernatant for 15-20 min with continuous gentle stirring at 40 C. The mixture was centrifuged for 20 minutes at 1 5,000 RPM at 40 C. The supernatant was discarded and the pellet was stored at -200 c. We will write a custom essay sample on LDH Purification lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on LDH Purification lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on LDH Purification lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Dialysis: Ammonium precipitation leads to high concentration of salts in protein mixture that can interfere with further purification steps. In order to remove excess salts, dialysis was performed. The pellet was suspended in Tries-AMPS buffer (10 rim Tries-HCI, pH 8. 6, 0. 5 mm 2-Merchantable, and mm ratio of EDIT) and mixed very gently until it dissolved at 40 C. Volume of ml protein mixture was added in the dialysis tubing and incubated twice overnight with two IL buffer changes (Same buffer as extraction buffer that was used for cell lysine). After two incubation, protein mixture was responded gently and centrifuged for 10 minutes at 15,RPM at ICC. Pellet was discarded, total volume of supernatant was noted and three 0. 1 ml aliquots were collected. Affinity Chromatography: Isobaric Blue column was used to separate OLD from the other proteins. Ml fractions were collected in thirteen test tubes. Column was first rinsed with Tries-AMPS buffer followed by addition of protein mixture. Then, ml AND Buffer (mm Tries-HCI pH-8. 6, 0. Mm 2-Merchantable, mm Lithium acetate and 1 mm AND+) was added followed by NADIA (mm Its- HCI PH 8. 6, mm NADIA and 0. Mm 2-Merchantable). Between each steps, column was washed with ml Tries-AMPS Buffer. Each fraction was subjected to absorbency reading of Mann. For absorbency above 1. NM, 1:10 dilutions were carried out. Activity Assay: We used OLD Enzyme assay to measure the amount of OLD activity in our protein mixture. OLD catalysts the conversion of lactate to private and AND+ to NADIA. The NADI A can be determined spectrophotometers at 340 NM. The OLD assay was performed in the crude homogenate, desalted fraction and six peak fractions from the Isobaric blue column. A cocktail solution was prepared by mixing lactate stock solution (120 rim lithium lactate, 10 mm Tries-HCI; pH 8. 6), AND+ stock solution (12 mm AND+, 10 mm Tries HCI; pH 8. 6) and bicarbonate stock solution (18 mm Enhance, 0. 5 M Nasal) in the ratio of in cavetti. 0 micrometers of the sample is then added and the assay absorption is measured at Mann. If absorbency was above 1. 5, samples were diluted. Protein Assay: The Pierce BCC Protein Assay (Thermo Scientific) is a detergent- compatible formulation based on bioscience acid (BCC) for the colorimetric detection and quantization of total protein concentration. A series of standard solution of Bovine Serum Albumin (BAS) ranging from 0-2000 pig/ml was prepared from a stock solution of 2 MGM/ml BAS. Lull of diluted crude (1:500, 1 :250), desalted (1:100, 1:50), and 6 peak fractions from isobaric blue column (1:10, 1:5) ere loaded in microscope along with lull of BCC working reagent. Microscope was incubated for mini at ICC and then the absorbency was measured at Mann. Results/Discussion The purpose of this experiment was to extract and purify OLD enzyme from chicken muscle tissue using a variety of techniques including homogeneities, ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis, and affinity chromatography. Activity and Protein assay were used to track the overall amount of OLD present in the samples. Crude Extraction: Chicken muscle tissue was homogeneity in a blender with cold extraction buffer in order to else cells, releasing OLD into slurry of tissue monuments. Centrifugation separated membranes, nuclei, and other large cellular components to a pellet leaving a supernatant of crude product. Controlling temperature was a major consideration after homogeneities since not only did this step releases proteins like OLD from the cell, but it also releases proteases that can now interact to degrade the OLD. Keeping samples on ice, pre-cooling the buffer, and avoiding excess kinetic energy through conservative blending were methods used to minimize activity of these proteases. After filtration through cheesecloth, our final volume of crude homogenate sample ml, much more volume than expected. Addition of more than ml of buffer volume could have increased the volume. Other possible explanation is that more solid components such as fats were present in the sample and hence, more than 20 minutes of centrifugation was required. Desalted Sample: 60% ammonium sulfate is added to the crude extract that precipitates OLD proteins. The resulting 40% pellet theoretically contains most of the original OLD, which is re-suspended in very less volume (ml) to create a more concentrated sample. This process leads to high concentration of salts in rotten mixture that can interfere with subsequent purification steps. Ml protein mixture underwent dialysis procedure that removes excess salts and our final volume after dialysis was ml. One possible explanation for increase in our volume could be that extraction buffer got mixed with protein mixture either due to tubing leaking or tubing clips not being properly tightened. Affinity Chromatography: Isobaric Blue column is an affinity column, which is specific to dehydrogenate type proteins, due to a compound structurally similar to NADIA being attached covalently attached to the column. 13 fractions were elected and absorbency was measured at Mann to check presence of OLD protein in the fractions. 1:10 dilution was performed if absorbency reading was above 1. NM since it spectrographically indicates saturation and less than 1% light reaching the detector. During the addition of protein mixture (fraction# 4), high absorbency reading of NM was obtained (Fig. 1). This could be due to lot of non-dehydrogenate-type proteins present in our sample that got eluted first during affinity chromatography. Second peak was seen after AND+ was added since AND solution results in the removal of the loosely bound protein. Third peak was seen after NADIA was added since NADIA solution results in release of maximum OLD proteins (Fig l) Enzyme Activity Assay: The OLD activity was measured spectrophotometers by measuring the absorbency of NADIA at 340 NM. Three peak fractions were selected for this assay based on their absorbency values obtained after adding AND+ (fraction# 6, 7, 8) and other three after adding NADIA in the affinity chromatography step (fraction# 10, 1 1 , 12). A huge activity of 141 mol/min/ml was seen at fraction# 7(PUFF ) which indicated that we had lot of proteins present in our sample. Second peak activity was seen t fraction indicating that more OLD proteins is present in this fraction than in fraction# 11 (PUFF) (fig. 1). Based on this information, we selected fraction #10 as for our protein assay. Desalted showed highest activity among all the samples (Tablet ) possible due to errors occurring during dialysis explained previously. Figure 1. Absorbency readings of eluted obtained from affinity chromatography with OLD activity for 6 peak fractions. The desalted fraction was loaded to the Isobaric blue column and proteins were eluted with Tries-AMPS, AND+ and NADIA wash subsequently. The absorbency at 280 NM of eluted were measured after ACH collected fractions. The OLD activity was calculated from the absorbency values obtained at Mann. Protein Assay: We used BCC Pierce Assay to determine protein concentrations in our protein mixture. BAS standard curve was created for series of dilutions ranging from 0-2000 pig/ml and linear graph equation was used to calculate protein concentrations for the samples (Table 1). Based on Table 1, with each subsequent purification step, protein concentration decreases as sample become more concentrated with only OLD protein. Specific activity should increase and total activity should decrease with very purification step as samples get less and less diluted.

The Perversity Of The Congo Essays - Congo Free State, Free Essays

The Perversity Of The Congo Essays - Congo Free State, Free Essays The Perversity Of The Congo In the novel Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad one of the major themes is the perversity of the Congo. What is good and evil in the European world becomes distorted and hazy in the heart of Africa. To the outside world white is good and black is evil; it is as simple as that. This philosophy is embodied in Marlows aunt, who believes that his job is to bring light into the land of darkness and to enlighten the savages. This idea, however, becomes corrupted when white objects symbolize suffering and greed instead of good, and light images hide the presence of darkness. Symbols such as, a white rag, white imperialists and ivory, no longer represent the good will of the imperialists, on the other hand they represent the exploitation and chaos that the Europeans have brought to the Congo. The main character Marlow is faced with this confusion as he voyages through the jungle, and he must reevaluate his former opinions, which no longer hold true. The European philosophy is shown through the conversation that Marlow has with his aunt before commencing his adventure. According to her, his job seems clear: to bring civilization and light to the heart of darkness. Instead of focusing on the horrors of imperialism she is disillusioned to believe that it is all for the better. The Europeans, especially the British have no respect for other cultures or other ways of life, and they truly believe that they are helping the Africans. Not by choice but because of the white mans burden they feel the need to [wean] those ignorant millions from their horrid ways(28). To the outside this seems like an earnest motive; however, once inside Marlow begins to see new forms of corruption. Are the imperialists their to help, or are they there to make money to fulfill their greed? He begins to realize that it is not the black savages who represent evil, but rather the selfish whites. This corruption is further shown through the novel with symbols that reveal that perversity of the jungle. None of Marlows previous beliefs hold true in the Congo and he must reevaluate what is light and what is dark. He is confronted with the distortion of images and confusion at the first station. He sees a group of natives in the shade and immediately compares it to hell. As he states: Black shapes crouched, lay, sat between the trees, leaning against the trunks, clinging to the earth, half coming out, half effaced within the dim light, in all the attitudes of pain, abandonment, and despair(35). He notices one figure in particular, one with a white rag around his neck. Is it the natives who create this feeling of suffering or is it the whites? These people are in the shade because they have nothing to live for anymore. The imperialists have destroyed their way of life and now they are eagerly awaiting death. The corruption is not in the black boy, rather in the white rag. What it symbolizes is not clear. Marlow asks, Where did he get it? Was it a badge an ornament a charm a propitiatory actIt looked startling round his black neck, this bit of white thread from beyond the seas(35). Marlow does not know why exactly the boy is wearing the rag; however, he does know that the Europeans brought it - along with suffering and corruption. Rather than bringing light to the natives, they have brought nothing but pain and chaos. This confusion in appearances is show again with the alternative motives of the whites. They are not humanitarians helping a civilization out of good will. They are there out of greed and corruption. Without the presence of society, the inner core of humans is revealed and what is white on the outside is sometimes black on the inside. This reversal of appearances is displayed in all the imperialists that Marlow comes across. One is the manager at the first station. He gives the allusion of being a gentleman with his European clothing and manners, yet inside he is filled with crookedness. In order to maintain this image he must train a native to follow his